We consider SU(N) Yang–Mills theory on R2,1×S1, where S1 is a spatial circle. In the infrared limit of a small-circle radius the Yang–Mills action reduces to the action of a sigma model on R2,1 whose target space is a 2(N−1)-dimensional torus modulo the Weyl-group action. We argue that there is freedom in the choice of the framing of the gauge bundles, which leads to more general options. In particular, we show that this low-energy limit can give rise to a target space SU(N)×SU(N)/ZN. The latter is the direct product of SU(N) and its Langlands dual SU(N)/ZN, and it contains the above-mentioned torus as its maximal Abelian subgroup. An analogous result is obtained for any non-Abelian gauge group. © 2018 The Author(s)